Implementation of African Swine Fever Biosecurity and Post-Outbreak Recovery in Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines

African swine fever (ASF) continues to disrupt pig production in Southeast Asia. Control measures and conditions for recovery vary across production systems. This qualitative multiple-case study examined 24 purposively selected production units in Vietnam (n = 8), Malaysia (n = 12), and the Philippines (n = 4). Government and partner institutions facilitated access to the units. Face-to-face interviews and field notes collected between August 2025 and February 2026 were analysed alongside policy documents. National statistics described changes in pig inventories and output. In Vietnam, live-weight pig output in 2024 exceeded the 2018 level, although the national herd remained smaller. Recovery varied among the sampled units, with greater structural investment in integrated enterprises than in family farms. In Malaysia, nine sampled farms were operating, several were undergoing substantial upgrades, and three remained depopulated while awaiting approval to restock. In the Philippines, one commercial unit reported coordinated control measures and household measures. The three programme-linked backyard units relied on household measures and project support. Gaps in transport, reporting, disposal, and restocking arrangements limited the reach of farm-level measures across the cases.