The Iceberg of Incident Reporting

Background: Incident reporting is central to safety management and learning in high-containment laboratories. However, not all incidents are recognized, not all recognized incidents are reported, and not all reported incidents are published. Methods: We presented a tentative iceberg model at the European Biosafety Association conference in 2025, characterizing degrees of recognition and visibility for different incident types. Our aim was to conduct a proof of concept rather than a formal validation of the model. Data were gathered from delegates through informal discussions and an online form. Results: We recorded 50 case examples, of which 48 were suitable for analysis. The model was well received. We learned that iceberg layers can be skipped, with external parties playing important roles in this process. Recognition and visibility are not fixed properties but are shaped by perspective and context. Almost half of the cases were categorized as “recognized but not recorded,” and only three had been reported to national authorities. The model accommodated all cases without requiring strict definitions of incident, hazard, or accident. Conclusions: The Iceberg Model offers a simple, practical tool for laboratory professionals to discuss and identify incidents. It can be used alongside other established biorisk management methods. Success depends on managers promoting a blame-free culture. By understanding incident types that are often unreported or under-recognized, laboratory professionals can address cultural and systemic barriers to transparency and learning. The model’s flexibility makes it applicable across different international contexts and regulatory frameworks.