The purpose of this paper is to clarify the planning process for each district and initiative in environmental considerations in urban development projects, focusing on (1) the leading entity, (2) the concept stage, and (3) the interaction between institutional guidance and autonomy. The results revealed that environmental considerations in urban development are positioned not only as a mandatory response, but also as a strategic decision to improve real estate value and gain social recognition. Developers are the most common leading entities, and they also tend to take the lead in voluntary initiatives.
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KATORI et al. (2026) studied this question.
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