A Comprehensive Review of Different Methodologies Used for Removal of Dyes from Water

Industrial wastewater contains complex and persistent dyes that require effective and advanced treatment methods. This review paper will provide a detailed overview of recent techniques used for dye removal, with special attention paid to microbial and combined (hybrid) biotechnological systems. The main novelty of this study is the integration of recent progress in microbial consortia development, hybrid processes that merge biological methods with physicochemical ones such as adsorption, and membrane filtration. The review compares the performance, efficiency, and scalability of single microbial strains and microbial consortia, showing their ability to adapt to different environmental conditions like pH, temperature, and oxygen levels. Key highlights include an evaluation of dye biodegradation mechanisms, the combination of complementary processes for better dye removal, and identification of future research needs for industrial-scale application. Overall, this review paper presents a new framework for improving microbial and hybrid dye removal technologies by connecting microbial activity, system design, and process optimization.