A coordinated hybrid energy storage–carbon quota sharing framework for low-carbon economic dispatch of multi-park integrated energy systems

Multi-park integrated energy systems (MPIESs) provide an effective platform for renewable-energy accommodation and regional low-carbon operation. However, their coordinated operation remains constrained by insufficient cross-park resource sharing, disconnected energy and carbon management, and limited adaptability to source–load uncertainty. To address these issues, this study proposes an electricity–hydrogen–carbon quota sharing (EHCS) framework for low-carbon economic dispatch of MPIESs. The principal contribution lies in establishing a closed-loop coupling relationship among multi-energy sharing, carbon-responsibility tracing, carbon-quota allocation, and market settlement. First, electricity, hydrogen, and carbon quotas are coordinated through shared electricity storage, shared hydrogen storage, and a shared carbon system. Carbon quotas are treated as endogenous tradable resources whose surplus or deficit changes with energy conversion, storage operation, and inter-IES transactions. Second, a carbon-potential–carbon-flow model is developed by integrating energy tracing, nodal carbon-potential propagation, and intertemporal carbon-inventory migration. The resulting carbon responsibility is further linked to adaptive carbon-quota allocation and a tiered reward–penalty settlement mechanism, forming a continuous mapping from energy sources and conversion pathways to quota trading. Finally, the coupled EHCS model is embedded in a two-stage min–max–min cooperative dispatch framework to coordinate first-stage electricity‑hydrogen-carbon interactions and second-stage operational recourse under source–load uncertainty. Nash bargaining and ADMM are employed as established tools to ensure individual rationality, privacy preservation, and distributed coordination among independent participants. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed framework improves economic performance, renewable-energy utilization, carbon-responsibility allocation, and operational resilience of MPIESs.