Clinical Challenges in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): Current Treatment Options, Their Limitations, and Emerging Perspectives

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterised by the absence of expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Compared with other breast cancer subtypes, TNBC is generally associated with a more aggressive clinical course, in part because of its marked molecular heterogeneity. Consequently, the availability of effective targeted therapies remains limited. Chemotherapy continues to be a major component of treatment, although its clinical benefit may be constrained by toxicity and the development of drug resistance. This review examines the principal clinical challenges in TNBC, evaluates currently available therapeutic approaches and their limitations, and discusses important areas that remain insufficiently addressed. Particular emphasis is placed on recent advances in emerging treatment strategies. Together, these developments may improve our understanding of TNBC and support future research towards more precise and personalised therapeutic approaches.