Key result
Pre-eclampsia is linked to ~5.2-fold higher odds of ischemic heart disease in women.
Why the study?
Pregnancy complications and female-specific conditions are recognised cardiovascular risk modifiers, yet their association with ischaemic heart disease remained unclear.
Are female-specific cardiovascular risk modifiers (gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, pre-term delivery, and polycystic ovary syndrome) independently associated with ischaemic heart disease in women presenting with cardiac symptoms?
Cross-Sectional (n=1,000)
Are female-specific cardiovascular risk modifiers (gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, pre-term delivery, and polycystic ovary syndrome) independently associated with ischaemic heart disease in women presenting with cardiac symptoms?
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Female-specific risk modifiers, particularly pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension, are strongly and independently associated with ischaemic heart disease in women presenting with cardiac symptoms.
Background/Introduction Pregnancy complications and female-specific conditions are recognised cardiovascular risk modifiers, yet their link with ischaemic heart disease is unclear. Purpose To determine associations between female-specific cardiovascular risk modifiers and ischaemic heart disease. Methods This cross-sectional study included 1,000 women with cardiac symptoms. The diagnosis of Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) comprised acute coronary syndromes, myocardial infarction, angina, and coronary artery disease. Exposures were gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, pre-term delivery, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Associations were analysed and adjusted for age, hypertension, and diabetes. The study was approved by an ethics committee and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results IHD occurred in 272 women (27.2%). Hypertension and diabetes were more common (p < 0.001). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were 3.51 (95% CI 2.04–6.03) for gestational hypertension, 2.82 (1.62–4.89) for gestational diabetes, 5.22 (2.58–10.55) for pre-eclampsia, 1.98 (1.21–3.24) for pre-term delivery, and 2.52 (1.46–4.38) for polycystic ovary syndrome. Conclusion(s) Female-specific cardiovascular risk modifiers are independently associated with ischaemic heart disease in women. Recording pregnancy and hormonal history may improve early identification of women at high cardiovascular risk.
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Kiani et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Ischaemic heart disease (n=1,000). Female-specific cardiovascular risk modifiers (pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovary syndrome, and pre-term delivery) vs. Women without female-specific cardiovascular risk modifiers was evaluated on Ischaemic heart disease (composite of acute coronary syndromes, myocardial infarction, angina, and coronary artery disease) (OR 5.22 (pre-eclampsia), OR 3.51 (gestational hypertension), OR 2.82 (gestational diabetes), OR 2.52 (PCOS), OR 1.98 (pre-term delivery), 95% CI 2.58-10.55). Female-specific risk modifiers, notably pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 5.22; 95% CI 2.58-10.55) and gestational hypertension (OR 3.51; 95% CI 2.04-6.03), were independently associated with IHD in women.
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