Charge-Cluster Theory of Hadrons (CCTH): A Unified Electromagnetic Physics Framework with Positive–Negative Electron Packets as the Fundamental Constituents

This hypothesis revises the fundamental‑constituent postulates of physics: it removes quarks from the status of fundamental particles and discards the hypothesis of an independent neutrino for weak decay. It takes positive‑ and negative‑electron charge packets as the minimal carriers of mass and charge, and photons as free‑state electromagnetic‑energy packets. It postulates that electromagnetism is the sole fundamental interaction at the underlying level of the universe. On this basis, the topology and spatial arrangement of charge clusters provide a unified physical interpretation for hadron internal structure, deep‑inelastic scattering, spin, matter‑antimatter generation and annihilation, weak decay, nuclear reactions, high‑energy particle cascades, and the origin of gravity. This work also puts forward several independent, experimentally testable predictions for future measurements. It must be explicitly acknowledged that the present framework cannot yet give a self‑consistent account of quantum entanglement. In addition, no uniquely converged solution exists for the precise topological arrangement of charge packets inside nucleons; further polarized‑scattering experimental data are required for physical constraints.