Fast Track Legislation Berbatas: Model Pembentukan Undang-Undang dalam Negara Demokrasi Konstitusional

This study aims to analyze the legal standing and application of Fast Track Legislation (FTL) in Indonesia’s lawmaking system and formulate a bounded FTL model that safeguards constitutional democracy. The absence of specific regulations governing FTL criteria, procedures, and time limits creates legal uncertainty and risks undermining transparency, meaningful public participation, and institutional oversight. Therefore, a model of accelerated legislation is needed to address urgent legal needs without disregarding the substantive stages of lawmaking. This study employs normative legal research with a descriptive-analytical design through statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively by examining legislation, Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020, accelerated legislative practices in Indonesia, and comparative practices in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the United States, and Germany. The findings indicate that FTL has not been specifically regulated under Indonesian positive law and that accelerated lawmaking cannot automatically be classified as a formal FTL mechanism. The novelty of this study lies in proposing a bounded FTL model with a maximum time limit of 60 days, objective criteria for emergencies, limitations on legislative subject matter, meaningful public participation, transparency, and institutional oversight. This study concludes that FTL can be implemented constitutionally if it is regulated in a restrictive, measurable, proportionate, and accountable manner without eliminating the substantive stages of lawmaking. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan dan penerapan Fast Track Legislation (FTL) dalam sistem pembentukan undang-undang di Indonesia serta merumuskan model FTL berbatas yang menjamin prinsip demokrasi konstitusional. Belum adanya pengaturan khusus mengenai kriteria, prosedur, dan batas waktu FTL menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum serta berpotensi mengurangi transparansi, partisipasi publik yang bermakna, dan pengawasan antarlembaga. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan model legislasi cepat yang mampu mengakomodasi kebutuhan hukum mendesak tanpa mengabaikan tahapan substantif pembentukan undang-undang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan sifat deskriptif-analitis melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan komparatif. Bahan hukum dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan, Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020, praktik legislasi cepat di Indonesia, serta perbandingan dengan Inggris, Selandia Baru, Amerika Serikat, dan Jerman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa FTL belum diatur secara khusus dalam hukum positif Indonesia dan percepatan legislasi tidak secara otomatis dapat dikategorikan sebagai mekanisme FTL. Penelitian ini menawarkan kebaruan berupa model FTL berbatas dengan batas waktu maksimum 60 hari, kriteria objektif keadaan mendesak, pembatasan materi, partisipasi publik yang bermakna, transparansi, dan pengawasan kelembagaan. Disimpulkan bahwa FTL dapat diterapkan secara konstitusional apabila diatur secara limitatif, terukur, proporsional, dan akuntabel tanpa menghilangkan tahapan substantif legislasi.