Pluralistic Acceptance of Unauthorized Uses in Public Land

Resident involvement is effective for sustainable public space management. Through literature reviews, aerial photo analysis, and interviews, we clarified how the acceptance of unauthorized uses in public land altered spatial use and management and how the state, the local government, and users exercise their “bundles of rights”. Results reveal that acceptance reconfigures rights: formal (de jure) rights may become more restrictive than informal (de facto) ones, the exclusion rights shift from exclusive to distributive, and exclusion rights remain unexercised in low-conflict activities. These findings highlight the diverse possibilities of right redistribution through acceptance.