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The purpose of this study is to obtain planning implications for workspaces in free-address offices. In this study, a database was developed for 16 cases using five spatial characteristics and seven perceived evaluation outcomes. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, this study identified 23 solution configurations of spatial characteristics associated with perceived evaluation outcomes, except for health under the adopted thresholds. Finally, cluster analysis was applied to the solution configurations, deriving four spatial characteristic types to support planning implications of multiple pathways.
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Nihei et al. (2026) studied this question.
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