Barriers to Blockchain Adoption in Circular Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Review and TISM-MICMAC Analysis

This study examines the practical challenges organizations encounter in adopting blockchain for circular supply chain management.The objective is to provide actionable insights for managers and policymakers to facilitate blockchain adoption for strengthening circularity within supply chains and enhancing circular supply chain performance.A comprehensive systematic literature review is conducted with 34 articles to identify key barriers.Subsequently, the key barriers were modeled using inputs from nine experts through Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) and MICMAC analysis.The results indicate that barriers such as lack of government regulations and lack of stakeholder involvement function as root-level drivers, while mid-level feedback barriers include cost, lack of trust, and lack of standardization.At the upper level, outcome barriers such as security, privacy, and scalability emerge as dependent effects.The findings highlight that successful blockchain adoption in circular supply chains requires first strengthening institutional and collaborative foundations, followed by addressing technical limitations.Overall, the study emphasizes realworld implementation considerations and the adoption of circular economy principles within blockchain-enabled supply chain transformation.