Biorefinery of Bioactive Components from Calafate (Berberis microphylla) Pomace and Its Application in the Thermo-Oxidative and Structural Stabilization of 3D-Printed Salmon Paste

This study developed a biorefinery process based on clean, sequential extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide and pressurized liquids to recover lipophilic and hydrophilic (phenolic) bioactive fractions from calafate (Berberis microphylla) pomace. This process was then applied to inhibit lipoxidation and retain total carotenoids, expressed as astaxanthin and PUFAs, in 3D-printed salmon paste baked at 200 °C. For this purpose, phenolic extract doses of 100, 500, and 1000 ppm were applied to the 3D-printed salmon paste. It was determined that all extract doses improved the relative carotenoid content after baking, especially the 100 ppm dose, while the 500 ppm dose reduced secondary alteration indices (K270). Texture profile analysis revealed that applied doses could have involved protein-polyphenol interactions that, under thermal conditions, would stabilize the myofibrillar protein matrix, modulating anisotropic contraction, texture, and the fidelity of the food’s 3D geometry. The results demonstrate the viability of this biorefinery approach as a sustainable strategy for developing natural ingredients applicable to healthy marine matrices with high structural and nutritional complexity.