Bacterial components to nanozymes: engineering bio-derived composites for advanced biomedical applications

Bacteria, with their inherent targeting capabilities and biocompatibility, are often limited by issues such as toxicity and environmental susceptibility, while nanozymes, despite their catalytic efficiency and stability, face selectivity and functional simplicity. Bacteria–nanozyme composites synergistically integrate the unique advantages of bacteria and nanozymes to address critical challenges in therapeutic applications. This review systematically explores the classification of bacteria and their derivatives involved in the preparation of nanocomposites, as well as the classification of nanozymes. It also summarizes the common methods and principles for preparing the composites. The applications and significant therapeutic effects of bacteria–nanozyme composites in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, cancer, and antibacterial therapy are emphasized. In addition, the application effects of composites in other medical fields are also mentioned. This review provides a comprehensive framework for advancing bacteria–nanozyme composites, bridging microbiology and nanotechnology to revolutionize precision medicine and sustainable healthcare solutions.