Flexible biointegrated multimodal sensing systems for human health, plants and environments

Flexible wearable electronics sensing is moving from single-function devices toward integrated, multimodal systems. The reliability of single-modality measurements is often compromised by motion artifacts, environmental perturbations, and substantial inter-individual variability, limiting the accurate interpretation of isolated signals within dynamic physiological contexts. Accordingly, the key bottleneck is shifting from signal acquisition to measurement reliability. From this perspective, the value of multimodal sensing lies not in parameter accumulation, but in mutual constraint and validation of complementary signals, enabling target signals to be separated from background interference and interpreted with great confidence. This Review provides an integrated perspective on flexible biointegrated multimodal sensing, encompassing physical, electrophysiological and biochemical signal transduction mechanisms, system-level factors governing real-world performance, and emerging applications across human, plant and environmental interfaces. We further discuss persistent challenges in long-term stability, scalable manufacturing and data generalizability, while highlighting emerging opportunities offered by physics-informed models for robust multimodal data interpretation.