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The aim of the article was to operationalize the propensity for superstitious learning (PSL) as a three-dimensional construct: overconfidence, lack of reflection, and late and ambiguous feedback, with dependent variables being complaints, rework, and errors at work. PSL occurs when the learning experience is convincing but the connections between causes and effects are incorrect. A total of 173 valid responses were obtained and analyzed using SmartPLS 4 software. The late feedback item was excluded because it showed a non-significant factor load, and it was grouped with the ambiguous feedback construct due to a high correlation. These modifications met the criteria for validity and reliability. The relationship between late and ambiguous feedback and the frequency of complaints, rework, and errors was confirmed. It is noteworthy the development of the late/ambiguous feedback scale and the warning about the importance of reflection, even in the face of positive results
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Kussano et al. (2026) studied this question.
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