In blockchain we trust? A critical review of blockchain in supply chains

The increasing importance of blockchain in supply chains has led to myriad papers with conflicting or imprecise results. This critical review of 118 articles first summarises the emerging literature on the role of trust in blockchain use in supply chains. Next, we identify and refine concepts that have been neglected or confused in the literature. We note the critical role of physical data verification (i.e., checking that on-chain records match the state of physical goods). We distinguish interorganisational trust in partners from trust in blockchain technology. Hence, we develop a set of propositions based on these clarifications. Specifically, physical verification of the data logged onto the blockchain increases trust, both between partners and in blockchain technology. However, as trust in blockchain technology increases, partners who already trust each other may see less need to use it. Blockchain usage increases both kinds of trust. The more trust there is, the less that data logged onto the blockchain will be physically verified. Future research may investigate the role of additional technological advances required to ensure that digital records accurately represent reality.