Bilevel capacity optimization configuration of a park-level wind–photovoltaic–energy storage–hydrogen system under the green power direct connection mode

On-site renewable generation in industrial parks is often constrained by available land and roof area. Green power direct connection enables parks to use off-site renewable electricity, but on-site and off-site resources must be planned together. This study develops a bilevel model for the capacity planning and operation of a park-level wind–photovoltaic (PV)–energy storage–hydrogen system. The model separately represents on-site and off-site PV and battery storage, and accounts for direct-connection-line capacity and transmission losses. Four representative joint source–load days are considered, and the model is solved using a genetic algorithm coupled with CPLEX. In the industrial park case study, the optimal configuration comprises 13003 kW of off-site wind power, 20000 kW of on-site PV, 4911 kW of off-site PV, 10919 kWh of on-site battery storage, 15558 kWh of off-site battery storage, a 4711 kW electrolyzer, a 2931 Nm 3 hydrogen storage tank, and a 14069 kW direct-connection line. Compared with the on-site PV–energy storage–hydrogen scheme without green power direct connection, the annual net cost decreases by 68.95% to 1640.72 × 10 4 CNY. Carbon emissions decrease from 36840 to 3256 t, while the electricity self-sufficiency rate increases from 30.72% to 93.88%.