Optimization modeling shows integrated solar, storage, hydrogen, and EV systems achieve 93.29% solar utilization, suggesting coordinated green energy management cuts emissions and boosts profits.
Under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets, high photovoltaic (PV) penetration in industrial parks may lead to PV curtailment and operational fluctuations, while hydrogen blending with natural gas provides a new demand scenario for green hydrogen consumption. To improve local PV consumption in industrial parks and coordinate electricity–hydrogen utilization, this paper proposes a park-level integrated photovoltaic-storage-hydrogen-electric vehicle charging system (PLIPSHCS). Considering time-of-use electricity prices and source-load uncertainty, a planning-operation bilevel capacity optimization model is established to optimize the capacity configuration of PV, battery energy storage, electrolyzer, and hydrogen storage tank. The results show that after introducing hydrogen load, the PV utilization rate increases from 77.11% to 93.29%, annual net profit (ANP) increases from 21.735 × 10 4 CNY to 551.027 × 10 4 CNY, and annual return on cost increases from 23.39% to 33.07%. Furthermore, compared with the combined baseline in which the PV-storage-hydrogen system and the PV-storage-electric vehicle charging system are co-located in the same industrial park but operated independently, the proposed PLIPSHCS increases ANP by 9.09%, reduces annual carbon emissions by 0.84%, and achieves a PV utilization rate of 93.29%. These results verify the role of hydrogen integration in improving local PV consumption and system economic performance, and further demonstrate the advantages of electricity–hydrogen coordinated configuration and operation in reducing carbon emissions and enhancing overall system benefits.
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Wu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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