Effects of Non-pharmacological Interventions on Cognitive Function and Quality of Life in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review

Aim: To review changes in cognition and quality of life (QoL) following non-pharmacological interventions for older people with cognitive impairment, considering assessments conducted within one year of intervention. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL and MEDLINE for English-language primary studies from 2015 to 14 April 2025. Eligible quantitative studies examined interventions relevant to nursing practice and reported cognition, QoL, or both. We used the 2018 Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) to assess methodological quality and compared findings through narrative synthesis. Results: The review included six randomised trials and five non-randomised studies. The 11 studies evaluated reminiscence, exercise, cognitive stimulation, music and programmes combining several activities. Some reported improvements in cognitive scores or well-being, but these were not consistent across measures or populations. In particular, gains in a memory subdomain or life satisfaction did not necessarily coincide with improvements in overall cognition or QoL. Assessment periods extended to six months. Conclusion: These studies suggest that selected non-pharmacological activities may support cognition or well-being over short periods. They do not establish a preferred intervention or demonstrate sustained benefit. Differences in study design and outcome measurement, together with methodological weaknesses, warrant cautious interpretation.