Translating design theory into spatial artefacts: A PAT method for charrette-based co-design

The persistent gap between design theory and practice limits the translation of normative paradigms, such as sustainability, adaptability, and circularity, into spatial outcomes. Existing frameworks often remain too abstract to support collaborative and iterative urban design processes. This study develops and validates a methodological framework: the PAT method (Principles–Approaches–Tactics), for translating design theory into spatial artefacts within collaborative design settings. Adopting an Action Research approach, the PAT method evolved through four iterative phases: identification of principles and tactics through literature and case study reviews; pilot testing in a design charrette; methodological refinement through the introduction of the approach layer informed by Design for X (DfX); and validation in a full-scale charrette. Qualitative analysis of design outcomes and participant feedback was used to assess the method's usability, clarity, and translational capacity. Findings indicate that the PAT method provides a structured yet flexible methodological scaffold linking principles (values), approaches (strategic intentions), and tactics (spatial actions), enabling the operationalisation of value-driven paradigms within collaborative, time-constrained design processes. While demonstrated in the context of Circular Urban Design, the method suggests potential adaptability to other value-driven design contexts. By positioning design as an iterative and reflective mode of inquiry, the study contributes a methodological approach that supports the translation of abstract concepts into spatial practice.