Governing AI-Supported Decisions: A Maqasid-Shura Decision-Escalation Model for Madrasahs

This study analyses the use and role of artificial intelligence (AI) in managerial decision-making at madrasahs and formulates governance mechanisms to determine the circumstances under which AI-assisted decisions require human review and more in-depth ethical consideration. This study employs a qualitative approach using a case study design at MAN 1 Bojonegoro, East Java, involving 15 participants comprising the headteacher, teachers, academic coordinators and system operators. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation and document analysis, and were subsequently analysed thematically through triangulation and member checking. The findings indicate that AI enhances administrative efficiency, real-time reporting, learning analytics and early warning functions; however, decision-making authority remains with human actors based on the level of consequences of the decision. Islamic values, particularly amanah and shura, serve as governing principles through responsible data management, consultation and ethical consideration. Based on these findings, this study developed the Maqasid-Shura Decision-Escalation (MSDE) analytical model, formulated on the basis of empirical findings and comprising five stages: AI-assisted evidence, human verification, consequence classification, Maqasid-Shura escalation, and accountable authorisation and feedback. This research contributes to the management of Islamic education by offering a testable governance proposition to integrate AI, human accountability and Islamic ethical principles into decision-making in madrasahs. However, the model still requires further validation in contexts beyond this single case study.