Etiology, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis and management tactics for patients with hepatic portal hypertension depending on the anatomical features of the portal vein and its tributaries

Portal hypertension (PH) syndrome remains one of the most challenging issues in modern hepatobiliary surgery. The clinical significance of the hepatic form of PH is determined not only by the risk of fatal hemorrhagic complications but also by systemic metabolic disorders. This review systematizes current data on the etiology, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of hepatic portal hypertension. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary, and Google Scholar databases for the period from 2010 to 2025 in both Russian and English. Original studies and systematic reviews relevant to the topic were included. Data analysis emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, a comprehensive approach to treatment, and multidisciplinary collaboration among specialists to improve clinical outcomes and enhance the quality of life for patients with PH.