Strengthening coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) genebanks for a climate-resilient and sustainable future

Coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) is a multipurpose crop that supports millions of livelihoods across tropical regions, yet its genetic resources are increasingly threatened by climate change, emerging pests and diseases and changing production demands. Effective conservation of coconut genetic diversity is therefore essential for ensuring future breeding, climate resilience and sustainable production. This critical review evaluates recent advances in coconut genetic resource conservation, genebank management and emerging technologies supporting germplasm utilization. It examines the current status of global coconut genebanks coordinated through the International Coconut Genetic Resources Network, highlighting the strengths and limitations of existing conservation strategies, including field genebanks, in vitro conservation and cryopreservation. Recent developments in molecular characterization, genomics, artificial intelligence, digital technologies and tissue culture have substantially enhanced germplasm characterization, conservation efficiency and climate-resilient breeding. However, significant challenges remain, including low recovery following cryopreservation, limited integration of genomic and digital tools into routine genebank operations, infrastructure and funding constraints, and barriers to international germplasm exchange. Based on a critical synthesis of recent literature and scientific discussions from the 2025 International Workshop on Strengthening Coconut Genebanks, this review proposes a strategic framework for developing next-generation coconut genebanks that integrates advanced biotechnologies, digital platforms and international collaboration. Implementing this framework will strengthen long-term conservation, improve germplasm utilization and accelerate the development of climate-resilient coconut cultivars.