Advancements in Cardiac Tissue Engineering Through Conductive Biomaterials

Cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) has emerged as a promising strategy to address the limitations of conventional treatments for myocardial infarction and heart failure. A critical challenge in myocardial regeneration is restoring synchronized electrical activity, which is essential for coordinated heart contractions. Conductive biomaterials have gained significant attention due to their ability to combine structural support with electrical conductivity, facilitating cardiomyocyte alignment, signal propagation, and functional integration with native myocardium. This review explores recent advancements in the design and application of conductive biomaterials, including natural polymers, conductive polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and metallic nanoparticles. The mechanisms through which these materials promote regeneration are discussed, alongside the challenges related to biocompatibility, degradation control, and vascularization. Furthermore, future perspectives highlight the role of 3D bioprinting, stem cell therapies, and nanotechnology in advancing CTE toward clinical translation. Conductive biomaterials hold great potential to revolutionize cardiovascular therapies, offering new possibilities for personalized and minimally invasive treatments aimed at restoring heart function.