Photodetectors Based on Two‐Dimensional Materials: From Sensory Health Monitoring to Cognitive Neuromorphic Computing

Driven by advances in wearable electronics and artificial intelligence, photodetectors have become central to modern sensing technologies. Two‐dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising platforms for advanced optoelectronics, owing to their atomic‐scale thickness, widely tunable bandgaps, strong light‐matter interactions, and inherent mechanical flexibility. Although sensory health monitoring and cognitive neuromorphic computing are currently evolving as distinct domains, they represent a continuous technological trajectory from passive data acquisition to active in‐sensor processing. This review provides a comprehensive overview of 2D material‐based photodetectors, bridging flexible healthcare devices and advanced artificial visual systems. First, fundamental photodetection mechanisms, advanced synthesis methods, and device performance enhancement strategies are systematically elucidated. Subsequently, recent progress in flexible photodetectors for health monitoring is summarized. To overcome the power, latency, and data‐transfer limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures, neuromorphic optoelectronic devices are further discussed, particularly artificial optical synapses capable of emulating biological perception‐memory‐processing pipelines for low‐power biomimetic vision and in‐sensor computing. Finally, future challenges are critically assessed, including scalable manufacturing, long‐term stability in biointegrated environments, stretchable devices for suppressing motion artifacts, and multimodal sensory fusion. This review delineates a promising path toward physiological cognitive computing and imperceptible intelligent optoelectronics for precision medicine and edge‐AI diagnostics.