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Best-case pressurised mantle lamp: $0.162 per 1,000 lumen-hours (14.5x the $0.011 LED+solar lantern) and a modelled 1,050 ug/m3 PM2.5, 70.0x the WHO guideline — killed for lighting on cost and dose together. Millions still light their homes with kerosene: could a better combustion lamp — pressurised mantle or optimised chimney — be a safe, affordable answer?
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William Alexander Aldred (2026) studied this question.
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