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A growing body of international and European policy - such as the European Union (EU) Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the EU Soil Strategy, and the Nature Restoration Regulation - recognises NbS as essential for delivering climate resilience and ecosystem restoration targets, supported by major EU directives including the Water Framework Directive, Floods Directive, Birds and Habitats Directives. Member States must now deliver measurable restoration outcomes within clear timeframes. This shifts the policy challenge from goal setting to delivery, exposing whether existing governance, funding, and regulatory frameworks are fit for implementation at scale.
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Gerlach et al. (2026) studied this question.
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