A New Interpretation of Superconducting Phase Transitions in Spacetime Ladder Theory

Conventional BCS theory takes the formation of Cooper pairs, driven by electron-phonon interaction, as the microscopic origin of superconductivity. Based on Spacetime Ladder Theory (STLT), this paper proposes a different causal order: at low temperature or high pressure, the electric and magnetic fields inside a material undergo a global phase transition and return to the dark-matter state , that is, the system enters Qi spacetime , six-dimensional). Dark matter is unstable and polarizes again, so the system sits in a dynamic equilibrium of “return and polarization”; this equilibrium state is the superconducting state. The energy gap is an attribute of the phase transition itself and exists before any electron pairing; zero resistance and Cooper pairs are outward manifestations of the equilibrium state. Cooper pairs are therefore no longer the cause of superconductivity, but the minimal stable structure that electrons assume in conforming to the topology of the closed Qi-field lines. The paper retains the mathematical forms of the London equations, Ginzburg-Landau theory, the BCS gap and isotope effect, flux quantization, and the Josephson effect, and gives their STLT interpretation. On this basis it proposes five characteristics of good superconducting phase-transition materials and a three-dimensional criterion. The core outline of STLT is given in Appendix A.