Biofilm formation and interactions at resin-based adhesive interfaces in dentistry: a narrative review

Dental restorations are critically challenged by biofilm formation and resultant biodegradation within the dynamic oral environment. The long-term clinical success of adhesive restorations fundamentally depends on the stability of the adhesive interface when subjected to such biofilm-induced stresses. This narrative review comprehensively examines the mechanisms by which oral biofilms degrade adhesive interfaces, along with the material, biological, and procedural factors that modulate the degradation process. It further explores emerging strategies to improve the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of restorative materials, with particular focus on material modification approaches such as incorporating agents designed for antimicrobial action, nanoparticles, and other functional therapeutic additives into resin matrices to enhance interfacial durability. By summarizing current evidence on biofilm–material interactions at resin-based adhesive interfaces, we evaluate both the pathways of degradation and the effectiveness of proposed countermeasures. Ultimately, this work highlights key directions for the development of next-generation strategies to improve restoration longevity.