Beyond Vulnerability: Autonomy, Social Participation, and the Experiences of Older Adults During the COVID-19 Lockdown

Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, people aged 75 years and over in Spain experienced substantial excess mortality and were disproportionately affected by restrictive measures intended to protect them from infection. These measures limited mobility and access to essential services and had important consequences for social relationships, autonomy, and well-being. This study aimed to explore the experiences of people aged 75 years and over and their family caregivers during the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain, focusing on the political, social, and personal impacts of pandemic measures and strategies to address emerging challenges. Methods A qualitative study informed by a critical social perspective was conducted between March and October 2023. Participants included 37 people aged 75 years and over and 70 family caregivers from diverse urban and rural settings across 11 Spanish provinces. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and discussion groups exploring experiences of the lockdown, perceptions of pandemic policies, and individual and family coping strategies. Data were analysed using a multilayered discourse analysis. Results Although protective measures were intended to safeguard older adults, participants described how age-based restrictions could reinforce stereotypes of frailty and dependency, contributing to stigmatization and social isolation. Restrictions also disrupted family and social routines and affected emotional well-being and social connection. At the same time, participants described diverse strategies to cope with these challenges, including physical activity, the use of technology, and engagement in meaningful daily routines. These strategies supported autonomy, social connection, and resilience, although their feasibility varied across individuals and circumstances. Conclusions Pandemic responses targeting older adults may have unintended consequences when protection is prioritized over autonomy and social participation. Recognizing older adults as active agents and incorporating their perspectives into emergency planning may contribute to more inclusive responses that protect health while preserving autonomy, dignity, and social connectedness.