Rancang Bangun Tongkat Pintar Penyandang Tunanetra Berbasis Esp32 Internet of Things dan GPS Tracking

This study developed and experimentally evaluated an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart cane integrating ultrasonic obstacle detection and GPS-based location reporting through GSM/GPRS. The prototype used an ESP32 microcontroller, an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, a NEO-6M GPS module, a SIM800L communication module, a buzzer, and Telegram notifications. Experimental evaluation covered distance-measurement error, buzzer response, GPS positioning, Telegram delivery, and battery endurance. The HC-SR04 showed mean errors of 1.60% on flat surfaces and 3.60% on uneven surfaces. Buzzer response agreement was 86.7% indoors and 90.0% outdoors. Standalone GPS tests recorded valid fixes in all six positioning trials, although one trial reported zero satellites, indicating an inconsistency that requires verification. In integrated tests, GPS was marked valid in 0 of 30 indoor trials and 22 of 30 outdoor trials (73.3%). Telegram notifications were marked successful in 19 of 30 indoor trials and 21 of 30 outdoor trials, for 66.7% overall. Standalone Telegram testing recorded 9 successful transmissions out of 14 (64.3%) based on the status column, while one row has a mismatch between HTTP status and the recorded result. Successful integrated messages took 44.4 seconds on average indoors and 43.1 seconds outdoors, exceeding the intended target of less than 10 seconds. Mean battery endurance was 22.0 minutes in standby and 31.5 minutes in both normal and fully active modes. The results show technical feasibility under tested conditions, but also demonstrate unresolved limitations in GPS consistency, communication reliability, latency, and operational readiness.