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Conventional cosmological models () describe the evolution of the universe from an extremely hot and dense initial state through the metric expansion of spacetime originating from a extrapolated singularity point (the Big Bang), locking the chronological boundary of the universe at 13.8 billion years. However, this homogeneous expansion model raises chronological paradoxes when confronted with age anomalies in ancient stars (such as HD 140283 / Methuselah) and overly mature early galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), while offering limited intuitive insight into the origin and flow direction of the cosmic filament network (Cosmic Web). This conceptual working paper proposes the Brantas Cosmological Model (BCM) as a counter-paradigm based on structural analogy and the principle of natural pattern continuity (The Brantas Principle). By observing the hierarchical chain of genesis in nature—from the spring of the Brantas River on Mount Arjuna to its estuary in the Madura Strait, the condensation of nebular gas clouds into stars, to the gravitational flow chain of galaxies from the Laniakea Supercluster toward The Great Attractor and the Shapley Supercluster—BCM formulates the hypothesis of an upstream primordial source structure (Nebula Induk / Primordial Womb) and a downstream Unknown Cosmic Estuary. This paper also introduces the non-chronological principle, a preliminary mathematical framework for cosmic fluid dynamics, and the epistemic equivalence of boundaries between BCM and standard cosmology.
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Mahdi et al. (2026) studied this question.
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