Functional Typology of Visual Dominants in Public Interiors

The aim of the research is to identify the functional patterns of the use of visual dominants in existing public interiors based on the analysis of international experience and to determine their functional typology. The research methods involve a comparative analysis of contemporary public interiors implemented for various functional purposes. The research involved the analysis of sequential impressions of interiors and the identification of visual elements (accents, landmarks, and dominants) that form their own "composition within a composition," followed by their systematic investigation: analysis of their location, conditions of visual perception, level of interaction with visitors, and the functions they perform within the interior space, followed by the generalization and typological classification of the obtained information. The research results reveal that despite the variability of compositional and artistic solutions, the functional role follows recurring patterns. Based on the analysis of implemented public spaces, the author's functional typology of visual dominants is proposed. It includes three types: the "attractor" type, the "informative" type, and the "branding" type of visual dominants. Attractor visual dominants perform the function of directly engaging visitors with the space or with a specific area within the interior. They are predominantly located on façades, in display window areas, or within the first spatial perspective revealed upon entering the space. Informative visual dominants are intended to emphasise important information for orientation and interaction with users of the space. For maximum effectiveness, they should be located directly within the area where they are intended to be used by visitors. Branding visual dominants support brand visual identity and strengthen brand recognition among both loyal and new visitors. The creation of this type of visual dominant is based on the use of an already established visual language of the brand. Conclusions. Visual dominants in public interiors can be applied using functional criteria depending on the desired outcome. The proposed author's typology complements existing scientific approaches to analysing public interiors. It expands the understanding of the role of visual dominants in shaping the user experience of interaction between visitors and the space. The obtained results have practical value for the design of public interiors and the creation of consistent visual communication systems. They may also be applied in the education and training of desig n professionals.