Emergency Treatment of Deep Bleeding: A Study on Multifunctional SA/c-PC/PDA@TEMPO Algae Mucilage

Low survival rates in patients with deep, massive hemorrhage are primarily attributed to three critical challenges: the difficulty of hemostatic dressings reaching the bleeding site, wound infections, and inflammatory reactions triggered by residual materials. To address these issues, this study employed a dual-network crosslinking technique to develop a multifunctional SA/c-PC/PDA@TEMPO algae mucilage. The rheological analysis revealed that the SA/c-PC ratio is the core, affecting the adaptability to irregular wounds and physical hemostatic efficacy of algae mucilage. The results of NIR photothermal performance analysis and antibacterial assays indicated that algae mucilage exhibits outstanding photothermal conversion performances, with temperature rising from room temperature to 50–300 °C within 5 min, which effectively kills bacteria and prevents infections. In vitro cellular experiments confirmed excellent cytocompatibility of algae mucilage, as it supported cell proliferation and metabolism. Moreover, the application of algae mucilage in a rabbit model of femoral artery injury demonstrated that the algae mucilage successfully controls fatal bleeding with 100% survival rate and exhibits c-PC-based anti-inflammatory effect. Overall, the resulting algae mucilage shows translational potential for the emergency treatment of lethal massive bleeding, especially in the case of irregularly deep-penetrating wounds.