Plant-Derived Bioactives in Skin Microbiology: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence on Bakuchiol, Berberine and EGCG

The skin microbiome contributes to cutaneous barrier function and immune homeostasis, while microbial dysbiosis is associated with inflammatory skin disorders. This narrative review examines preclinical and clinical evidence concerning bakuchiol, berberine, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate, distinguishing direct antimicrobial activity, modulation of host inflammatory responses, and changes in resident microbial communities. Preclinical investigations report activity against selected skin-associated pathogens, attenuation of inflammatory pathways, and improvements in experimental skin inflammation or wound healing. Clinical studies suggest benefits for acne, photoaging-related outcomes, and radiation-induced dermatitis, although differences in study design, administration route, and multicomponent formulations limit compound-specific conclusions. These observations do not establish restoration of skin microbial homeostasis by the unmodified compounds. Overall, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects should not be equated with selective microbiome modulation. Standardized longitudinal studies combining microbial profiling, skin-barrier assessment, and validated dermatological outcomes are needed to establish clinical relevance.