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Highlights: 21st-century digital teaching requires computer/device use, digital material creation, LMS use, technology integration, and online assessment.Lecturers' digital pedagogical competence is moderate, with strengths in designing interactive lessons but weaknesses in digital feedback.Poor internet, inadequate devices, weak institutional support, and unstable power hinder digital teaching; regular ICT training and improved infrastructure are key improvement strategies.
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Aisha Abdullahi (2026) studied this question.
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