From Clay to the Sky: The Mathematics of Building Babylon and the Secrets of Nature (Integrated Instruction: History, Mathematics, and Natural Science)

This paper explores the possibilities for integrated instruction at the lower secondary level by linking mathematics, history, and natural science through the example of ancient Babylonian civilization. The aim is to help students understand how mathematical knowledge, the use of natural resources, and the historical context were connected to the development of ancient society. Babylonian civilization provides an important example of how people used the natural resources around them in everyday life, construction, and agriculture. Studying the historical context will help students analyze the significance of Mesopotamia’s geographical location, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, urban development, and building traditions. The mathematics component will focus on the Babylonians’ practical calculations and their application of mathematical knowledge to land measurement, trade, and construction. In the natural science component, students will study the composition and properties of clay as a natural material, as well as its use in construction. The integrated approach presented in this paper draws on inquiry-based, problem-based, and collaborative learning. By analyzing historical sources, solving mathematical problems, observing natural materials, and completing practical tasks, students will be able to connect what they have learned across different subjects. This approach will help students develop critical thinking, research skills, and creative approaches, as well as the ability to apply their knowledge in practice.