Transit-Oriented Development Index Evaluation Using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process: Insights from Bengaluru, India

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is an approach to promote sustainable development in rapidly expanding cities; however, in many developing countries, this combination of transportation and urban development often does not include a detailed look at metro station areas. This study aimed to develop a TOD index based the 5Ds (density, diversity, design, distance to transit, and destination accessibility) to classify and categorize 10 station areas within Bengaluru, India. A Delphi survey determined experts’ priorities, and 15 critical indicators were selected. The parameters were graded using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. Expert feedback assigned weights to each of the factors and indicators. A sensitivity analysis determined the strength and reliability of the results. The findings prioritized first- and last-mile connectivity, pedestrian safety, and mixed land-use development, rather than just densification. This detailed TOD evaluation will be useful for urban planning and offers practical suggestions to support sustainable, efficient urban mobility in India’s rapidly expanding cities.