Fuzzy Finite Element Modeling of Au-Ag Blood-Based Nanofluid Flow in Atherosclerotic Arteries

This study develops a fuzzy finite element method to analyze the flow of A u - A g blood-based nanofluid in atherosclerotic arteries under parametric uncertainty. This model is based on Zadeh’s extension principle, which accounts for the variability of physiological, rheological, and thermal parameters, unlike the traditional deterministic models where the parameters are fixed. Simulations reveal that arterial constriction and fuzzy parametric uncertainty significantly influence the predicted velocity, pressure, and temperature distributions. The novelty of this work lies in combining fuzzy uncertainty analysis with finite element simulation of Casson–Papanastasiou A u - A g blood-based nanofluid flow in an atherosclerotic artery. The proposed framework provides an uncertainty-informed computational tool for hemodynamic analysis and biothermal evaluation under uncertain physiological conditions.