Removal of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin from wastewater using photocatalysis and biological treatment methods: a mini review

The increased occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater effluents has emerged as a significant environmental and public health issue, as these contaminants contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance and disrupt the balance of natural microbial ecosystems. Traditional wastewater treatment processes frequently prove inadequate in efficiently eliminating these contaminants. The present study reviews photocatalysis and biological treatment methods, as indicated in the literature, as a comprehensive solution for removing antibiotics such as amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin from wastewater, to determine the most successful treatment strategy for our research. Essential strategies include titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) in the slurry/suspension mode, doped and immobilized for photocatalytic degradation and the employment of microorganisms in biological treatments are highlighted. Focusing on studies in recent years, the study provides a comparative analysis to identify the most effective treatment methods for these antibiotics.