Mathematical model reveals cytokine effects and immune modulation in cancer, suggesting new immunotherapy strategies.
Schematic of the mathematical model of tumor-immune system interactions, highlighting key immune components, their activation and cytolytic functions, and modulation by PD-1/PD-L1 signaling. The model also incorporates cytokine effects and the influence of immunosuppressive cells like M2 macrophages and Tregs.
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Hadjigeorgiou et al. (2025) studied this question.
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