A Review on the Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Conventional, Unconventional, and Alternative Methods

Over the past two decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their large surface area, tunable porosity, and several uses in drug delivery, gas storage, catalysis, and sensing. The synthesis process, which is crucial to their formation, has a significant impact on the final structural and functional characteristics of these MOFs. Conventional (ionothermal and hydro/solvothermal), unconventional (mechanochemical), and alternative (sonochemical, electrochemical, microwave-assisted, and slow evaporation/diffusion) synthesis methodologies for MOFs are all thoroughly summarized in this review. The mechanism, benefits, drawbacks, and effects on MOF characteristics of each of these approaches are examined. The study aims to guide researchers in selecting appropriate synthetic techniques for certain applications and provide future prospects for scalable and effective MOF manufacture.