This review highlights the performance of liquid cooling in battery thermal management, suggesting effective evaluation methods and implications for electric vehicles.
Electric vehicles (EVs) provide a feasible solution for the electrification of the transportation sector. However, the large-scale deployment of EVs over wide working conditions is limited by the temperature sensitivity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, an efficient and reliable battery thermal management system (BTMS) becomes essential to achieve precise temperature control of batteries and prevent potential thermal runaway. Owing to their high heat-transfer efficiency and controllability, liquid-based cooling technologies have become a key research focus in the field of BTMS. In both design and operation, BTMSs are required to comprehensively consider thermal characteristics, energy consumption, economics, and environmental impact, which demands more scientific and rational evaluation criteria. This paper reviews the latest research progress on liquid-based cooling technologies, with a focus on indirect-contact and direct-contact cooling. In addition, existing evaluation methods are summarized. This work proposes insights for future research on liquid-cooled BTMS development in EVs.
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Liu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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