Role of Angiotensin Receptor Type I and Type II in the Development of Common Cardiac Problems

The renin–angiotensin system is crucial for maintaining blood pressure and fluid balance. Central to this system are the angiotensin receptors, type I (AT1R) and type II (AT2R), which mediate the effects of angiotensin II (Ang-II). AT1R, primarily expressed in cardiovascular cells, mediates most of the Ang-II’s physiological and pathological effects, including vasoconstriction, inflammation, and hypertrophy, contributing significantly to common cardiovascular problems such as hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In contrast, AT2R, though less prevalent, exhibits protective roles including anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory effects. The interplay between AT1R and AT2R is complex; while AT1R, when remains activated for a prolonged period, promotes pathogenic processes, AT2R often counteracts these effects. Therapeutically, angiotensin receptor antagonists that block AT1R or activate AT2R show promise in managing cardiovascular disorders. This review underscores the significance of AT1R and AT2R in the pathophysiology of cardiac diseases and the potential clinical benefits of targeting these receptors to mitigate disease progression.