Development of a Collaborative Leadership Model for Enhancing Music Performance Major Students’ Collective Efficacy at Public Universities in Shandong Province, China

This mixed-methods study aimed to investigate the role of collaborative leadership in enhancing collective efficacy among music performance major students at public universities in Shandong Province, China. Guided by six research objectives, the study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitatively, survey data were collected from public university music performance major students using validated scales measuring collaborative leadership and collective efficacy. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses revealed that students’ collaborative leadership and collective efficacy levels were at a moderate level overall, with significant differences linked to demographic variables. Strong positive correlations were identified between the dimensions of collaborative leadership and collective efficacy. Yantai University's music school then developed and implemented a collaborative leadership model. This model promotes shared responsibility, peer-led leadership, and interdependent learning in the music performance context, with implications for policymakers, instructors, and future leadership development programs in higher education.