A Comparative Study of Ketorolac and Lignocaine for Analgesia and Hemodynamic Stability During Propofol-Induced Pain at Anaesthetic Induction

Background: Pain on injection of propofol is a common and uncomfortable experience during the induction of general anesthesia, often affecting patient satisfaction and comfort. Various pharmacological agents have been explored to reduce this pain, including lignocaine, a local anesthetic, and ketorolac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. This study was designed to assess and compare the analgesic and hemodynamic effects of ketorolac versus lignocaine in minimizing propofol-induced pain during general anesthesia induction. Methods: This randomized comparative study was conducted at the Department of Anaesthesia, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, over six months (July 1 to December 31, 2021). A total of 200 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were enrolled after obtaining ethical approval and informed consent. Participants were randomized into two groups: Group A received ketorolac and Group B received lignocaine before propofol injection. Pain scores and hemodynamic responses were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: The mean age of patients in Group A (ketorolac) was 37.19 ± 8.39 years, and in Group B (lignocaine) was 37.83 ± 8.85 years. The sample included 33.5% males and 66.5% females. Pre-anesthetic pain scores were 2.37 in the ketorolac group and 2.44 in the lignocaine group (p = 0.355). After propofol administration, both groups showed a mean pain score of 0.883 (p = 1.00), indicating no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Ketorolac and lignocaine were equally effective in reducing pain associated with propofol injection, with no significant difference in their analgesic or hemodynamic effects during anesthesia induction.