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This is a Systematic Review study.

September 10, 2025Frontiers in Marine ScienceOpen Access

STPA analysis for safe operation of maritime autonomous surface ship under degradation state

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MASS in degraded states face risks, including loss of situational awareness and delayed commands.
Risk analysis identified primary safety concerns as failures in inter-system coordination and information asymmetry.
System-Theoretic Process Analysis was applied to model the interactions among MASS, Remote Operations Centers, and Remote Operators.
Proposed safety guidelines aim to enhance risk-based operational standards for safe navigation of MASS.

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Risk analysis reveals critical hazards for maritime autonomous surface ships, suggesting safety guidelines for degraded operations.

Park et al. (2025) studied this question.

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