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September 10, 2025Media and Communication Review

Deciphering Hate Speech in Multimodal Pakistani Political Memes on X

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Authors

MIMaria IrumSHShazia Hashmat

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Overview

Observation uncovers indicators of hate speech in multimodal memes on X during election season, suggesting societal division.

Key Points

  • Hate speech indicators were identified in memes related to the 2024 elections in Pakistan, showing how humor and dissatisfaction coexist.
  • Analysis used the Fairclough model and critical discourse analysis to uncover nine hate speech indicators, revealing political tensions.
  • Memes served dual purposes of entertainment and political criticism, particularly towards institutions like the Election Commission in Pakistan.
  • Findings indicate that memes can challenge power narratives, reflecting broader sociopolitical discontent during the election period.

Cite This Study

Irum et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68c1b60d54b1d3bfb60eb148https://doi.org/10.32350/mcr.51.08
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

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  3. 3Framing War with Humour A Multimodal Critical Discourse and Verbal Humour Analysis of Pakistani Memes on the 2025 Pakistan–India Conflict2025
  4. 4Critical Discourse Analysis of Selected Hate Comments on X Social Media Platform in the 2023 Presidential Election Nigeria2025
  5. 5A Comparative Analysis of Pakistani and Indian Social Media Memes: Cultural Narratives and Social Understandings2024