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This is a Cross-Sectional study.

September 10, 2025

Heavy Metal Contamination in Drinking Water: Connection to Chronic Kidney Disease Risk

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Cross-sectional analysis reveals high heavy metal levels in drinking water increase CKD risk, highlighting urgent need for regulation.

High levels of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in drinking water significantly increase the risk of chronic kidney disease.
Water samples revealed lead levels exceeding WHO limits in 87% of cases, with lead showing the strongest association with CKD.
A cross-sectional quantitative study engaged 250 adults from rural Pakistan, examining the links between heavy metal exposure and kidney health.
Findings underline the critical need for improved water safety regulation, especially in rural and resource-limited regions.

Kumar et al. (2025) studied this question.

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